Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Appropriate Classroom Behavior Essay
Behavior is a choice, and a teacherââ¬â¢s role is to aid students when learning to make good choices. Inappropriate behavior is not acceptable. It should be followed by negative consequences and therefore be discouraged. When the teacher responds to different behaviors, either positive, or negative, it teaches the student something. School is a place where students are given the opportunity to learn and receive an education as well as socialize. Part of the learning process is interaction, however, it should only occur when the time is suitable. Being in the classroom should be considered a privilege. That privilege should only be given if a studentââ¬â¢s behavior does not interfere with the ability of the teacher to teach effectively or the ability of other students to participate in classroom learning activities. Consequences should be given to individual students who choose to interrupt the teacherââ¬â¢s lesson or distract others. A whole class should not be punished but should be aware of how that behavior was not right. The behavior that took place last Friday was not acceptable and should not be tolerated.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
A Nurse Practitioner Essay Example
A Nurse Practitioner Essay Example A Nurse Practitioner Paper A Nurse Practitioner Paper A nurse practitioner is a registered nurse with advanced academic and clinical experience, which enables him or her or diagnose and manage most common and many chronic illnesses, either independently or as a part of a health care team. A nurse practitioner provides some care previously offered only by physicians and in most states has the ability to prescribe medications. working in collaboration with a physician, a nurse practitioner provides high-quality, cost-effective, and individualized care for the life spanà of patients special needs. Nurse practitioners focus largely on health maintenance, disease prevention, counseling and patient education in a wide variety of settings. With a strong emphasis on primary care nurse practitioners are employed within several specialties, including neonatology, nurse mid-wifery, pediactrics, school health, family and adult health, womenââ¬â¢s health, mental health, home care, gereatrics, and acute care. Nurse practitioners are educated through programs that grant either a certificate ora masterââ¬â¢s degree. A registered nurse is recommended have extensive clinical experience before applying to a nurse practitioner program. An intensive preceptorship under the direct supervision of a physician or an experienced nurse practitioner, as well as instruction in nursing theory, are key components to most nurse practitioner programs. Nurse Practitioners have held a respectively beneficial partnership with their patients for over thirty years. Excellence in academic education and clinical training will enable Nurse Practitioners to continue to provide quality health care into the next millennium. Continuation of this excellent history of care during a proliferation of NP Education programs will be achieved through the consistent use of established program standards for NP education. Any decline in academic standards weakens the level of care provided by the NP profession and is counterproductive to the goals of the profession, the American College of Nurse Practitioners (ACNP) and the goals of individual NPs. ACNP will continue to provide a leadership role that supports high quality NP education and advocates for quality, cost effective care for all clients, in all settings, and across the nation. ACNP acknowledges its national affiliate members, the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF), the Association of Womens Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWOHNN) and the National Association of Nurse Practitioners in Reproductive Health (NANPRH) for their promulgation of NP educational standards.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Supercomputers Essays
Supercomputers Essays Supercomputers Essay Supercomputers Essay A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), which led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (1985ââ¬â1990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these disappeared in the mid-1990s supercomputer market crash. Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by traditional companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience. As of May 2010[update], the Cray Jaguar is the fastest supercomputer in the world. The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and todays supercomputer tends to become tomorrows ordinary computer. CDCs early machines were simply very fast scalar processors, some ten times the speed of the fastest machines offered by other companies. In the 1970s most supercomputers were dedicated to running a vector processor, and many of the newer players developed their own such processors at a lower price to enter the market. The early and mid-1980s saw machines with a modest number of vector processors working in parallel to become the standard. Typical numbers of processors were in the range of four to sixteen. In the later 1980s and 1990s, attention turned from vector processors to massive parallel processing systems with thousands of ordinary CPUs, some being off the shelf units and others being custom designs. Today, parallel designs are based on off the shelf server-class microprocessors, such as the PowerPC, Opteron, or Xeon, and coprocessors like NVIDIA Tesla GPGPUs, AMD GPUs, IBM Cell, FPGAs. Most modern supercomputers are now highly-tuned computer clusters using commodity processors combined with custom interconnects. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion). A particular class of problems, known as Grand Challenge problems, are problems whose full solution requires semi-infinite computing resources. IBM SUPERCOMPUTERS According to the June 2010 TOP500 (link resides outside of ibm. com) List of Supercomputers, IBM continues to lead the list for the twenty-second consecutive time with the most installed aggregate performance. IBM has regained the lead with the most entries on the list with 196. IBM also leads the Top 10 for the twelfth consecutive time with a total of four of the systems including, the #3 system, the first system to sustain a petaflop of performance, which IBM built for the Roadrunner project at the Los Alamos National Lab. Other systems in Top 10 were the #5 IBM Blue Gene/P system at Forschungszentrum Juelich, with over 825 teraflops which is the most powerful supercomputer in Europe. The IBM Blue Gene/L at the US Department of Energy Lawrence Livermore National Lab, long time previous leader, is now the #8 system, and the #9 IBM Blue Gene/P at Argonne National Lab. IBM Offers: Unmatched expertise to help you solve your toughest problems due to our technology leadership in clustering, chip technology, Linux and support for a broad range of applications for your solution area. Improved flexibility provides you a full-scope infrastructure worldwide based on our vast portfolio spanning the widest range of platforms, architectures and operating systems. Faster implementations by applying our in-depth vertical expertise and broad range of deployment experience. Results that speak for themselves: IBM is supercomputing leader as provider of 27 of the worlds 100 most powerful supercomputers according to the most recent TOP500 Supercomputing Sites (link resides outside of ibm. com) ranking Awarded more patents than any other company for each of the last 17 years with 4,914 patents in 2009 alone. First to break the petaflop performance barrier. Leading energy-efficiency with 17 of 20 highest megaflops per watt systems. IBM7030 [pic] The IBM 7030, also known as Stretch, was IBMs first transistorized supercomputer. The first one was delivered to Los Alamos in 1961. Originally priced at $13. 5 million, its failure to meet its aggressive performance estimates forced the price to be dropped to only $7. 78 million and its withdrawal from sales to customers beyond those having already negotiated contracts. Even though the 7030 was much slower than expected, it was the fastest computer in the world from 1961 until the first CDC 6600 became operational in 1964. The IBM 7950 [pic] The IBM 7950, also known as Harvest, was a one-of-a-kind adjunct to the Stretch computer which was installed at the US National Security Agency (NSA). Built by IBM, it was delivered in 1962 and operated until 1976, when it was decommissioned. Harvest was designed to be used for cryptanalysis. ACS -1 The ACS-1 and ACS-360 are two related supercomputers designed by IBM as part of the IBM Advanced Computing Systems project from 1961 to 1969. Although the designs were never finished and no models ever went into production, the project spawned a number of organizational techniques and architectural innovations that have since become incorporated into nearly all high-performance computers in existence today. Many of the ideas resulting from the project directly influenced the development of the IBM RS/6000 and, more recently, have contributed to the Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) computing paradigm used by Intel and HP in high-performance processors. BLUE GENE [pic] Blue Gene is a computer architecture project designed to produce several supercomputers, designed to reach operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS) range, and currently reaching sustained speeds of nearly 500 TFLOPS (teraFLOPS). It is a cooperative project among IBM (particularly IBM Rochester and the Thomas J. Watson Research Center), the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the United States Department of Energy (which is partially funding the project), and academia. There are four Blue Gene projects in development: Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/C, Blue Gene/P, and Blue Gene/Q. The project was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U. S. President Barack Obama on September 18, 2009. The president bestowed the award on October 7, 2009. BLUE WATERS [pic] Blue Waters is the name of a petascale supercomputer being designed and built as a joint effort between the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and IBM. On August 8, 2007 the National Science Board approved a resolution which authorized the National Science Foundation to fund the acquisition and deployment of the worlds most powerful leadership-class supercomputer. The NSF is awarding $208 million over the next four and a half years for the Blue Waters project. CYCLOPS64 Cyclops64 (formerly known as Blue Gene/C) is a cellular architecture in development by IBM. The Cyclops64 project aims to create the first supercomputer on a chip. Cyclops64 exposes much of the underyling hardware to the programmer, allowing the programmer to wri te very high performance, finely tuned software. One negative consequence is that efficiently programming Cyclops64 is difficult. [citation needed] The system is expected to support TiNy-Threads (a threading library developed at the University of Delaware) and POSIX Threads DEEP BLUE [pic] Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11, 1997, the machine won a six-game match by two wins to one with three draws against world champion Garry Kasparov. Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch, but IBM refused and dismantled Deep Blue. Kasparov had beaten a previous version of Deep Blue in 1996. IBM Kittyhawk Kittyhawk is a new theoretical IBM supercomputer. The project was announced, which entails constructing a global-scale shared supercomputer capable of hosting the entire Internet on one platform as an application. Currently the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks. In 2010 IBM open sourced the Linux kernel patches that allow otherwise unmodified Linux distributions to run on Blue Gene/P. This action allowed the Kittyhawk system software stack to be run at large scale at Argonne National Lab. The open source version of Kittyhawk is available on a public website hosted by Boston University. MAGERIT [pic] Magerit is the name of the supercomputer which reached the second best Spanish position in the TOP500 list of supercomputers. This computer is installed in CeSViMa, Computer Science Faculty of the Technical University of Madrid. Magerit was installed in 2006 and reached the 9th fastest in Europe and the 34th in the world. It also reached the 275th position in the first Green500 list published. It is the second most powerful supercomputer designated for scientific use in Spain, after the Barcelona Supercomputing Center MareNostrum. Magerit is the ancient name of the current city of Madrid. The name comes from a fortress built on the Manzanares River in 9AD, and means Place of abundant waterâ⬠. IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) pic] The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a one-of-a-kind first-generation (vacuum tube) electronic computer built by IBM for the United States Navys Bureau of Ordnance. It went into service in December 1954 and was likely the most powerful computer at the time. The Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC), was built at the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory under the direction of Wallace Eckert. The computer was presented to the US Navy on December 2, 1954. At the presentation ceremony, it calculated pi to 3089 digits, which was a record at the time. The calculation took only 13 minutes. In 1955 NORC was moved to the Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia. It was their main computer until 1958, when more modern computers were acquired. It continued to be used until 1968. Its design influenced the IBM 701 and subsequent machines in the IBM 700 series of computers. PERCS PERCS (Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System) is IBMs answer to DARPAs High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) initiative. The HPCS program is a three-year research and development effort. IBM was one of three companies, along with Cray and Sun Microsystems, that received the HPCS grant for Phase II. In this phase, IBM collaborated with a consortium of 12 universities and the Los Alamos National Lab to pursue an adaptable computing system with the goal of commercial viability of new chip technology, new computer architecture, operating systems, compiler and programming environments. IBM was chosen for Phase III in November 2006, and granted $244 million in funds for continuing development of PERCS technology and delivering prototype systems by 2010. Roadrunner [pic] Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBM at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. Currently the worlds third fastest computer, the US$133-million Roadrunner is designed for a peak performance of 1. 7 petaflops, achieving 1. 026 on May 25, 2008 to become the worlds first TOP500 Linpack sustained 1. 0 petaflops system. It is a one-of-a-kind supercomputer, built from off the shelf parts, with many novel design features. In November 2008, it reached a top performance of 1. 456 petaflops, retaining its top spot in the TOP500 list. It is also the fourth-most energy-efficient supercomputer in the world on the Supermicro Green500 list, with an operational rate of 444. 4 megaflops per watt of power used. IBM Sequoia The Sequoia is a petascale Blue Gene/Q supercomputer being constructed by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration as part of the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC). It is scheduled to go online in 2011 at qpetaflops was more than the combined performance of the top 500 supercomputers in the world, about 20 times faster than then reigni ng champion Roadrunner. It will also be twice as fast as Pleiades, a proposed supercomputer built by SGI at NASA Ames Research Center SHAHEEN [pic] Shaheen consists primarily of a 16-rack IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer owned and operated by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Built in partnership with IBM, Shaheen is intended to enable KAUST Faculty and Partners to research both large- and small-scale projects, from inception to realization. Shaheen, named after the Peregrine Falcon, is the largest and most powerful supercomputer in the Middle East and is intended to grow into a petascale facility by the year 2011, Originally built at IBMs Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, Shaheen was moved to KAUST in mid-2009. The father of Shaheen is Majid Al-Ghaslan], KAUSTs founding interim chief information officer and the Universitys leader in the acquisition, design, and development of the Shaheen supercomputer. Majid was part of the executive founding team for the University and the person who also named the machine. Super computers [pic] Submitted by: Hina maheshwari BBM 3rd year 087518 Uses of Supercomputer Since its creation in the 1960s, the supercomputer has been used by a variety of large companies and colleges in an effort to conduct research that otherwise would not be possible. Because supercomputers can crunch numbers at a far superior rate than humans as well as work in a multidimensional way, the devices are essential to modern studies and research. 1) Quantum Mechanics Supercomputers are used heavily in the processing of information on quantum mechanics. They are used to study physical systems at the atomic level. 2) Weather Large-scale weather forecasting, such as that of global climate change, needs to use supercomputers in order to take into account globally changing conditions. 3) Modeling Intensive modeling is conducted using supercomputers. This is useful for molecular studies, polymer research, chemical composition and simulations such as wind tunnel research. 4) Military Military applications are very elaborate. From organizing war games to studying the effects of nuclear detonations on a large scale, many militaries across the planet use supercomputers. The Role and Importance of super Computers is hidden from no one. Yet The use of Super Computers has been limited to only a handful of nations in the world who have this expertise. In India the The Saga of Super Computer Dates backs to 80s when India was denied the Cray Super Computer. Since then India has made Several Indegenious Efforts which have been Highly successful. The Use of Super computers in Military is an All Together New Concept which has unleashed a new Era of Military Super Computing With India Signing the Nuclear Deal, It has become an urgent requirement to devise means that can test and simulate our weapons and one such application is Nuclear testing. As the readers might know the Indian Super Computing Efforts are centred around CDAC, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune which has developed the PARAM series of Super Computers. India has achieved the capability through which it can Actually Test a Nuclear Detonation and Without the fear of Sanctions Improve its Weapon Parameters. 5) Grand Challenge Unsolved problems (known as Grand Challenge problems) are frequently the subject of supercomputer use. Examples of this include mathematical problems and protein-folding techniques.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
The Great Gatsby Essay Ben Ramey Essay Example
The Great Gatsby Essay Ben Ramey Essay Example The Great Gatsby Essay Ben Ramey Paper The Great Gatsby Essay Ben Ramey Paper Essay Topic: The Great Gatsby Gatsbys Contrast in Behavior: Before and After Encountering Daisy Famous writer Douglas H. Everett once said, There are some people who live in a dream world, and there are some who face reality; and then there are those who turn one into the other. This quote evidently connects to The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, as Jay Gatsby himself refuses to face the fact that Daisy, his past lover, may have moved on from their prior relationship. Instead, Gatsby devoted many years of his life trying to make his fantasy relationship with Daisy a reality. Gatsbys interest of winning back Daisy quickly evolved into an obsession, where he fantasized of rebuilding the love they once shared. This obsession explains the contrast Gatsbys behavior before and after he finally meets Daisy, where he was extremely anxious and insecure before reuniting with Daisy and then over determined and domineering afterwards. Gatsbys behavior prior to meeting Daisy displayed the severe extent to which he was anxious and insecure. First, Gatsby allows Nick to invite Daisy over for tea, ithout Daisy knowing that Gatsby will be attending as well. The fact that Gatsby allows Nick to set up the get-together with Daisy, which Gatsbys has spent many of his years preparing for, suggests that Gatsby feels as if he is not worthy enough to approach Daisy directly. Furthermore, Nick notes the decrepit condition of Gatsby merely hours before Daisys arrival that He was pale, and there were dark signs of sleeplessness beneath his eyes (Fitzgerald 84). This description helps to illustrate he distress and anxiety that Gatsby has experienced over the inevitable reunion with Daisy, which has caused him to lose sleep. In addition, minutes before Daisy arrives, Gatsbys insecurity and anxiety explode into a final cry of refusal as he exclaims Nobodys coming to tea. Its too late I cant wait all day (85). This denial to believe that Daisy would show up proposes that Gatsby feels as if his moment of reunifying with Daisy may never occur. Also, the lie that Gatsby, cant wait all day is clearly riven by anxiety and stress, as he has waited many years for this opportunity to. Gatsbys behavior after meeting Daisy shifts to display a more domineering, and over-determined attitude. For example, after Tom and Daisy leave Gatsbys house, he implies he wants Daisy to break things off with Tom, saying Its hard to make her understand(109). This reveals a more aggressive and dominant side of Gatsby, in that he expects her to quickly abandon her actual husband solely because he has made his own interest in her clear to her. Furthermore, upon Nick warning Gatsby not to ask too much of Daisy, Gatsby manically cries out, Im going to fix everything attitude Gatsby has to bring back the love they had, and his disregard for Daisys feelings as well. Gatsbys obsession of recreating the past he had with Daisy is evident in this quote, and this obsession fuels the behavioral shift which occurred after he reacquainted himself with Daisy. Love is a very powerful emotion that can overwhelm and take control of ones emotions and behaviors. For Gatsby, his love affair with Daisy altered the rest of life, as he obsessed for years over building a replica relationship of what they once had. Gatsbys shift from being anxious and insecure to domineering and overly determined is Justified by his desperation over winning back and and holding control over Daisy, who was the top priority in his life. Citation: Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. First Scribner Paperback Fiction 1995 ed. New York: Simon Schuster Inc, 1953. Print.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Budget Plan for the Heart Failure Clinic Assignment
Budget Plan for the Heart Failure Clinic - Assignment Example CDC states that heart failure is responsible for 55,000 deaths annually. Furthermore, CHF costs the nation a lot of money with analysts estimating the annual expenditure to $34 billion (Amakali, 2015). The authorial intent of this paper is therefore to establish, through use of evidence-based management practices, the best strategies for developing a budget plan geared towards establishing an effective Heart Failure Clinic. It is imperative for hospital administrators to work behind closed doors in order to ensure that hospitals' financial security and welfare is up to required standards. This implies that hospital administrators must identify those factors that if not well facilitated within the hospital budget plan may plunge the whole fraternity into financial crisis (Langenbrunner, Cashin, & O'Dougherty, 2009). Consequently, this business plan identifies the major categories and subcategories of the budget necessary for the set up of HFC. They include; Labor Costs, supplies and c apital expenses, insurance billing, research and teaching, liability costs et cetera. Some of the categories are discussed below.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Yesterday Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Yesterday - Essay Example (Carchiolo, Longheu, & Malgeri 2002). This essay evaluates the functional efficiency of Web 2.0 technology in the classroom, with particular emphasis on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) and Ning.com. Past research into Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSLC) argues that the implementation of such platforms in the classroom engenders an environment of positive interdependence, as students are motivated by a shared desire to succeed. (Kravcik et al., 2004) An article in Educational Technology & Society titled ââ¬ËAn educational mobile blogging system for supporting collaborative learningââ¬â¢ (Huang, Huang & Jeng, 2009, Web) advanced methodological research for to determine the efficacy of implementing Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSLC) in collegiate educational environments. While typical conceptions of the classroom place the educational environment at direct odds with handheld devices such as cell-phones, ipods, and BlackBerryââ¬â¢s, this research argues that these devices might actually not be as detrimental to education as is commonly determined; when used in teacher-directed ways they might indeed have a positive benefit for the learning exper ience. The study took place among a group of collegiate sophomores in Taiwan: ââ¬Å"There were 5 groups and each group was assigned a topic. The topics included Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists and Tree.â⬠(Huang, Huang & Jeng, 2009, Web) The study used web blogging through RSS feeds; that is, a twitter-like mechanism that updated quickly when students or the professor uploaded new information to the platform. The platform also stored these uploads in an accessible database. In essence, the professor would lecture in class, and periodically post discussion topics on the RSS server. The students then were able to collaboratively respond to the discussion topics and gain direct help and feedback on issues which they were confused. At the end of the
Hange of effects of warfare on combatants due to new technological Essay
Hange of effects of warfare on combatants due to new technological advancements since Second Industrial revolution - Essay Example These changes are multidimensional and complicated. Most of the ideas and opinions have been propounded by the means of an example-based approach. Dependable sources for reference purpose have bee carefully selected and utilized. Research Question How have the effects of warfare on combatants changed as a result of new technologies of warfare since the Second Industrial Revolution (c. 1850)? Thesis Statement The changes in the effects of warfare on the combatants due to the utilization of post Second Industrial Revolution weapons technology have made them more impersonal, lethal, cruel, and confident. Armed Conflict Becomes More Impersonal and Lethal The effect: Since the Second Industrial Revolution warfare has become increasingly dependent on technology. This dependence has caused armed conflict to become progressively more impersonal and lethal. Discussion: The modification in the nature of armed conflicts is due to the fact that the combatants are becoming more impervious and als o they are lethally very much enabled. In the ancient and medieval ages, combatants used to fight each other in battlefields that generally did not cover the civilian areas. One-to-one battles were not unknown between the warriors and that used to be a matter of glory. Weapons like swords and spears could kill only one combatant at a time. But mass killing by using incendiary bombing, as had been seen in Germany and Japan, testify the fact that the new technologies have made the combatants extremely lethal (Grossman, 1995). Before the Second Industrial Revolution, a warrior has a glorious appeal. He/ she could be a crusader, a protector, or a savior. This appealing warlike personality cult motivated the youth during the post Second Industrial Revolution wars as well. The World War I is a good example of this. But with the advent of new technologies, the appeal of valor culminated at dangerous impersonal missions (Dennis, 2001). According to Smith (1983), ââ¬Å"The introduction of t he gun will serve in the future to make war more rational and less the product of purely personal enmity.â⬠In ancient warfare, we find personalities like Hector and Achilles who fought for personal glory. However, generals like Trotsky led the masses for almost completely impersonal movements. Rapid fire and faster and widespread communication actually impersonalized warfare (American Political Science Association, 1983). As for lethality once again, World War I provides a good example. Infamous chemical warfare during this period had made the ground reality similar to ââ¬Å"Dying like so many rats in a trapâ⬠(Cook, 2002: 47). Such situation never came up in the wars of the ancient civilizations. Increased Cruelty The Effect: Second Industrial Revolution has begot such war techniques that cannot be limited among the combatants only. In modern warfare, the degree of civilian casualty is very high and this fact testifies for the increased cruelty of the combatants. Discus sion: Atrocities committed by the ancient and medieval combatants were less terrific and had lower psychological effect. In technology-based modern warfare, things are different; especially, psychological effects are too profound. Siege warfare is an important sub-discipline in this regard. During the siege of the cities in the pre 1850 environment, less prominent terror techniques were generally used. Examples of medieval siege warfare like the Siege of Calais (France) by British forces show that human values prevailed to at least some extent in the war. Although siege of Peking by the
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