The First Amendment and the Supreme Court Essay

The First Amendment and the Supreme Court - Essay Example As phrases can mean different things to different people, the Supreme Court has interpreted this small yet significant passage over the decades in order to specifically define the rights of the citizenry protected by the First Amendment. During World War I, an activist named Schenck composed and mailed thousands of circulars to draftees urging them to peacefully resist conscription. This was interpreted as violating the Espionage Act of 1917, in particular the 'interfering with military or naval operations' provisions.1 Schenck and his supporters believed this was a violation of his First Amendment right to freedom of speech (especially as he did not advocate violence), while the United States government held that he endeavored to cause insubordination in the armed forces during wartime and to hinder recruitment.2 Eventually the case made its way to the Supreme Court. In Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919), decided on 3 March 1919, the court unanimously decided against Schenck. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. stated famously in the decision that 'the most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. It does not even protect a man from an injunction against uttering words that may have all the effect of force'.3 In other words, the First Amendment did not guarantee absolute freedom of speech. Words are not just utterances; they can have great power and cause immense turmoil. According the Court, when he encouraged draftees to subvert the law, Schenck entered the realm of destructive language that was not protected by the First Amendment. There is another interesting concept in this decision, that of relativity, 'a question of proximity and degree'. 4 This is the clear and present danger precedent, and this case established it as a method of analyzing such cases.5 As the United States was at war, the potential for danger was higher-these pamphlets were far more inflammatory at this period than they would have been when the country was at peace. With Americans entrenched in the war effort, the elasticity of what was acceptable and safeguarded by this amendment was not as great as it has been in other times. Naturally, this opinion has been modified and the freedom of speech expanded since 1919, but this relatively early case is an important development in the definition of what is meant by this amendment. Freedom of Press Towards the end of the conflict in Vietnam (never declared an official war by any administration), there was a great deal of criticism concerning American involvement in both the press and populace. In 1971, the New York Times received a copy of the Pentagon Papers from Daniel Ellsberg, a disillusioned Defense Department economist who secretly copied major sections.6 These classified documents were a 'top-secret history of the United States government's decision-making process regarding the war in Vietnam'.7 After careful consideration, the newspaper began publishing the unappealing details. Quickly, the Attorney General filed an injunction to stop further articles and within two weeks the case was before the Supreme Court. Essentially, the government was seeking prior restraint, to block an action before it took place. Because of

IT in Finance Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT in Finance Industry - Essay Example If I have to do this project again, I will plan a version management system and instruct the team members to strictly follow it and verify the version of the files before uploading them to the live server. First and foremost, always have up to date reliable anti-virus software with an Internet Firewall installed in the system. It is not possible to eliminate all threats as hackers and malware programmers cannot be eliminated. So the best policy is to prevent such attempts. In case a threat is encountered, the user has to report the issue to the anti-virus software provider, so that the provider can issue a fix for that threat as well. The system administrators can have security certificates and encryptions included in their web applications so that it is impossible for anybody to include viral software in the web application and spread it across the web. As far as a backup system is considered, reliability is far more important than the features included. The main reason for using a backup system is to restore the original system if it encounters a sudden threat or gets corrupted. The backup system has to be reliable and error free so that it can actually serve its purpose. Limited features are sufficient for a backup system, as they do not play major role. In order to provide uninterrupted service to the end users, it is always essential that the backup system is reliable and is always ready to be used as a substitute. In this case, resolving the problem depends on the nature of the issue and at times, even on the level of technical knowledge of the user. In any case, the basic things to check in the event of a complaint are: The first thing to do is to stop continuing the changes try and reverse the changes done recently. It is best practice to take a screen shot or record the steps that are being taken. The database has to be checked to verify if the

The Impacts of the American Revolution in US Societies Essay

The Impacts of the American Revolution in US Societies - Essay Example With the emergence of mid-level families in certain cities within the US in the aftermath of the American Revolution, there was a need to review if not the need to prioritize the opportunity for global investments. There had also existed societal and cultural issues in the US that have been the talk of the world after the American Revolution. These involved: (a) the undeniable emergence of the American citizens; (b) the emergence of the American citizens can be associated accurately to a tri-polar framework of political structure; (c) the improvement in the responsibilities of the talented and skilled American people; and (d) the start of an age of critical thinking (Bailyn 5). Because the Thirteen Colonies became free at the conclusion of the American Revolution, it would be fair to say that the US benefited the most out of the American Revolution. In investigating and analyzing the war between the US and the British colonizers, it is easy to deduce that there is a connection between the war and the greed for power of Great Britain that was rampant during those times (Bliven 6). Therefore, it is easy to identify that the war between the US and Great Britain gives an accurate and logical outline that includes independent wars in various areas of the world. The war between the US and Great Britain gives capability and the valid explanation to regimes that handles wars based on territorial disputes

TV seriies ( 60 Minutes) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TV seriies ( 60 Minutes) - Essay Example Be it a good or a bad issue that they are showing, it gives enough knowledge about my surroundings and helps me with my judgments and views. The first time I saw 60 minutes on TV, I thought, â€Å"What does this show has to offer? What good can it give me? Is it worth watching?† Then a friend of mine, who happened to love this show, told me that this is not any ordinary show. She loved it for the reason that it allows the viewers to see the ‘real thing’ in celebrities, in ordinary people, in the government and all the other issues that are likewise hidden from the people. I watched the segment wherein President Obama and his wife were interviewed and was satisfied that this show has done something like this for the nation, including me, to know someone so great like Obama. I heard in the news that this segment was the most watched episode of 60 minutes, and it has done a great effect to the show. I think that this show has somewhat improvised a new genre in the field of journalism and mass media, which is great for me, since I’m quite interested in journalism. The effect this show has on me is a good and helpful one that is why I consider it as my all-time favorite among all TV series. The fact that I can answer well when others ask me about certain issues in our country makes me feel knowledgeable. They thought of me as a keen observer, thanks to 60 minutes. It is with this show’s help that I can be aware and maybe even helpful to our country when the time comes. I am even inspired to write for the show, maybe

Effect of Service Content Quality Essay Example for Free

Effect of Service Content Quality Essay Introduction: The growth of Internet Mediated Environment (IME) based services has changed the manner in which firms and consumers interact. This paper aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role service quality dimensions play in developing service enjoyment and loyalty in IMEs. We are in the era of service-based economies. The services sector has grown to dominate economic activity in today’s advanced industrial economies. Interestingly, within the growing service-dominated economies, increased innovation in Information Technology (IT) has dramatically altered services conceptualization, development, delivery and consumption. By extending the definition of an electronic service, we define IME services as being mediated via information technology (IT) where the consumer interacts with an appropriate user interface such as web site, mobile phone, iPhone, PDA, iPad, virtual world environment, tablets, etc., in order to gain a consumption experience and pursue desired benefits for another entity or the entity itself (self-service). Innovations related to IT and novel Internet-based service delivery in IMEs and consumption are fueling extraordinary growth in demand for existing as well as new services. Problem Statement: The study is to investigate the some of the dimensions of online service content quality and service delivery quality such as navigation, visual appeal, timeliness, access, content customization and reliability leading to enjoyment and loyalty. Significance of the research: Both Information Systems (IS) and Marketing scholars have recognized this paradigmatic shift from the exchange of goods toward a service-centered model of exchange in which the consumer plays a pivotal role, specifically in the case of online services. In this context, there is an increasing emphasis on service quality rather than manufacturing quality regardless of the industry. A customer’s willingness to maintain a relationship with a firm is contingent on his or her perception of the benefits of high-quality service that provides a continuous flow of value. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of Literature: Service Content quality: Service content quality is defined as the extent to which complete, accurate, and timely content is provided to online consumers during the interaction process with the user interface in the IME. The user interface is a critical component in the IME service experience. In the context of the online environment, the store layout and design particularly influences the consumer’s service consumption experience. To capture service content quality we have identified the following three antecedents based on the literature: visual appearance, navigation, and preview. These dimensions have been found to be important in the context of online services in past IS studies. Visual Appearance: A consumer’s perception of the visual appeal projected by the service is driven by the design, physical attractiveness, and beauty inherent to the service interface. Visual appearance in IMEs can be defined as an overall output of image or personality generated from website components such as text, style, graphics, colors, logos, themes and slogans. Websites with a more visually acceptable interface often result in greater service quality and can influence a consumer’s IME experience and ultimately his or her long-term service provider relationship. Consequently, the interface appearance is one of the most important aspects of the IME experience. Navigation: Consumers want and demand websites that are simply designed and easy to use. Ease of navigation has surfaced as a critical element, since the IME lacks most of the interactional human elements so vital in offline service delivery. Navigation challenges, such as getting lost is often associated with a consumer’s confusion, frustration, and anger, and thus negative experiences. To negate this danger, IME navigation features have been developed to prevent consumers from becoming lost. A considerable amount of freely available information, if it is well organized and easily accessed, is frequently mentioned by consumers as an important reason to interact with an IME. The ease of navigation in the IME is expected to enhance service content quality. Customized Preview: Customized preview is the ability to tailor products, services and the environment to individual customers. Preview is expected to influence loyalty towards the service by creating the perception of an increased choice set by enabling quick focus, signaling high quality and lead to a better match of what the customer actually wants. Service Delivery Quality: Service delivery quality is defined as the manner in which IME functionalities are made accessible to consumers via the service provider’s website as a delivery channel. IME service providers have realized that consumers are concerned with the service delivery process and outcome. The following dimensions of service delivery quality: accessibility, reliability, and timeliness are taken. Accessibility: Accessibility is related to the actions taken by the service provider to ensure no service interruption. More and more customers now look for company access and support via IMEs. Potential service failures impact future business because they weaken the customer-company bonds and perceptions of service quality. In this research, accessibility is defined as the level of efforts taken to minimize service disruptions. Reliability: In offline contexts, reliability is defined as the â€Å"ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately†. Similarly, IME reliability is concerned with the delivery of the service in good condition, on time, and exactly as it was displayed. A study of online failures stated that consumers noted delivery issues as the most frequently stated problem. Consumers place significant emphasis on service outcome and service quality, which will suffer if a service provider fails to deliver as expected. Such failures can result in significant costs to the firm, such as lost customers and negative word of mouth. Consequently, service failure is a driving factor explaining customer switching behavior. Timeliness: One of the significant IME benefits is the near-time or immediate service delivery. IMEs lack most of the interactional human elements so vital to the traditional service experience which typically lead to service delivery lag times. In terms of online versus offline purchasing, online purchasers’ beneï ¬ t in the fact that they receive timely information directly from the website without having to seek a salesperson. Access speed and performance appear as critical to the assessment of quality in IMEs. Service Enjoyment: Just as shopping enjoyment is important in offline environments, it can be equally important in IMEs. Hirschman and Holbrook introduced the Hedonic Consumption concept which designates â€Å"those facets of consumer behavior that relate to the multisensory, fantasy and emotive aspects of one’s experience with products† to explain enjoyment’s role in the consumer experience. IS research has suggested that intrinsic enjoyment associated with website usage can positively impact a consumer’s web usage over time. Koufaris applied the model of flow and found that the emotional reaction to a website (intrinsic enjoyment) influenced the intention to return. Thus, service enjoyment is suggested to influence the IME consumer experience. Service Content Quality and Enjoyment: Service content quality is a critical component in the IME experience. In the context of the online environment, the store layout and design influences the consumer’s online activity and service consumption. In IMEs, the spatial layout and functionality are especially important since availability of direct human employee assistance is minimal. Mathwick, Malhotra, and Rigdon suggest that in online environments, the use of color, graphic layout and photographic quality combine to influence a desirable consumption experience. Éthier, Hadaya, Talbot, and Cadieux demonstrates that web site content quality has a significant positive impact on the cognitive appraisal including liking, joy, pride, dislike, and frustration. Van der Heijden found that perceived enjoyment affected intended and actual use of the website. Service Delivery Quality and Enjoyment: IME delivered services have increased convenience in terms of time, place and use. For example, consumers can now pay their bills online, setup automatic mortgage payments or track packages at any time of day. Therefore, service delivery quality pertains to the consumer-website interaction during the process when the consumer is looking for information, selecting from available options or carrying out a transaction. According to Luong, â€Å"Service delivery seems to imply service encounters that entail more intense and deliberate use of emotions.† Loyalty: Loyalty is yielded through the process of repeated interaction between consumers and the online service. Achieving customer loyalty is critical for IME service provider economic success. The fear in the online environment is that the inherent low switching costs enable competing online firms to be just a click away. Loyalty can be defined both behaviorally and attitudinally. Behaviorally, loyalty consists of repeated purchases of a brand, whereas attitudinally loyalty includes a degree of dispositional commitment in terms of some unique value associated with the brand. Perceived service quality has been suggested to be positively related to loyalty. According to Garbarino and Johnson, consumer perceived service enjoyment and commitment are believed to summarize consumer knowledge and guide subsequent loyalty actions. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Title: A study on the effect of service content quality and service delivery quality, leading to loyalty in online banking system. Objectives: Main Objective: To study the effect of antecedents of service quality leading to loyalty in online banking system pertaining to South Indian Bank Specific Objectives: * To study antecedents such as visual appeal, navigation and customized preview effect on online service content quality * To study antecedents such as accessibility, reliability and timeliness effect on online service delivery quality * To study service content quality and service delivery qualities effect on consumer’s perception of service enjoyment * To study service content quality and service delivery quality mediated by service enjoyment effect on consumer loyalty in banking websites.

The Buck Stops (and Starts) at Business Schools Essay Example for Free

The Buck Stops (and Starts) at Business Schools Essay Case analysis on The buck stops (and starts) at business school It’s really strange that on one hand, most people who were laid off in 2009 after the crisis went into the business schools. On the other hand, medias were seriously criticizing the damage business school graduate brought to the financial crisis. Does business schools need to change? Or they’re just the scapegoats? In Joel Podolny’s view, business schools definitely should be blamed and should be reinvented. He believed that historically, business schools have largely ignored the teaching of values and ethics because those aren’t subjects of inquiry for traditional business school academic disciplines. Also, those leadership and ethics courses that are taught are flawed since attention to detail and taking responsibilities were not emphasized. Furthermore, case teaching method alone doesn’t enable students to learn that being consistent in various situations and continually paying the right amount of attention to detail are among the most challenging aspects of leadership. Podolny also put forward several suggestions about how business schools can change to win back the trust from the society. I think foster greater integration and encourage qualitative makes most sense among the five recommendations. I vote for these two because I simply think the other three just don’t work. In Fisher, we are doing â€Å"appointing teaching teams† right now. But as a student, or the subject of this way of teaching, my feeling is that we don’t like this way. When we see the ethics teachers come in, we naturally feel a kind of reluctance since no one subconsciously or consciously admits that their ethic need to be â€Å"taught†. We either think we’re really good people or we think it’s all BS and making money is always the most important thing. But I feel the most compelling lesson of ethics I learned was actually from an International Business class professor who almost â€Å"unwarily† lead the discussion about a manage r facing whether or not firing a disabled worker who has contributed a lot to the success of the company in one case. It’s so natural that the class did not even take it as an â€Å"ethics class† but really took a great lesson unguardedly through the extremely heated discussion and the concluding succinct but thought provoking words from the professor. That will be my own suggestion for teaching ethics. Stop competing on ranking is a dream. To me it’s just like asking companies to stop competing on net income and EPS. That will never happen though companies can pay more attention to social benefits. Similarly, we can expect business schools to pay more attention or at least act like they pay more attention to candidate’s moral aspect. Withdraw degrees for violating codes of conduct sounds powerful but it’s just so hard to really enforce. Just look at doctors and lawyers in our society now and one can see if it really works. Ethics is still a huge issue in many of the hospitals and courts. What’s more, withdraw the degree for lawyer and doctors can forbid them to continue work as a doctor or lawyer, but in the business world, as long as you have a pretty good experience in your resume, you can always find a job regardless of the degree. Business schools might really need to transform but another question is, should they be responsible for the recent financial crisis as all those business graduates are selling CDS and telling ignorant people to leverage more on mortgages? I don’t think Business schools are largely culpable for the global economic crisis of 2008-2012, at least not largely. First of all, my understanding of the 2008 financial crisis is that we call it sub-prime crisis but sub-prime is just the blasting fuse of it. On one hand, most people are so accustomed to living on credit with zero savings or little savings. On the other hand, Greenspan has planted the seed for all this in his monetary policy and the burst of the bubble is more of an inevitable result of the false prosperous real estate market than wicked business school students cheating people around. It’s very easy to treat innocent civilians as victims and find someone making money on that as chief criminals. But don’t forget that it’s the illusion that one can live a pretty good life without working hard and enjoy your life today as much as possible that really destroyed many of the families. The strong dollar and the world’s trust in dollar had brought US people so much benefits that most people just took that for granted and dreamed that could last forever. The repeated cycles of financial crisis or the ups and downs of economy itself is a manifestation of uncontrollable greed insides human beings that has nothing to do whether one has graduated from a business school or not. To put it another way, if Wall Street does not hire a single business school graduate, the situation will be roughly the same. So attributing the bane of financial crisis mostly to the business schools is more of finding a scapegoat in my view. That said, does that mean business schools had no wrong doings? Definitely no. The pressure from the job market really puts the business schools at a place that they have to pay much more attention to the placement after graduation. Rankings, whether you care about it or not, are out there closely starred at by most of the applicants. These seem to be perfect excuses why business schools pay extreme little attention to ethics and responsibilities. But as a school, it should always take the essence of education as the guideline, which is to teach people to become better people, not to become better financial modeling makers. We can have various training classes that teach the sophisticated technics of Excel but we can never learn about how to make the world better in business skill training classes. So business schools should be blamed for not having planted the seeds of ethics and responsibilities in students. Can business schools teach more about ethics and how to make a better world? Well, it depends. It depends not because the schools can or cannot set up more ethics course and have more ethics teachers. I say it depends because I believe ethics and responsibilities are not taught by ethics teachers but by every single teacher in the classroom even if he teaches financial modeling. I believe ethics are best taught and accepted when the students really feel the leadership inside the professor and genuinely want to follow him or her instead of through simulation case discussions. Do most of the professors in most schools have such leadership and such deep embedded understanding of ethics and responsibility? I seriously doubt about it.

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval in dedicated cloud Environment Dr. Piyush Gupta Chandelkar Kashinath K. Abstract: Data collected in section 3 indicated the number of active internet users across the globe. The collected chunks of information termed as Big Data not only utilizes physical resources into the network, but also leads to increase in human and financial resources. Cloud computing being a technology with IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) provides virtual resources on pay per use policy. MapReduce being widely used Algorithm is used in line with Hummingbird Search engine for information retrieval. Keywords: MapReduce, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, Hummingbird, Big data 1. Introduction One of the papers published in International conference at Jaipur, entitled â€Å"The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System† [21] elaborates on existence of humming bird algorithm on 15th birthday of Google. In existence with previous Google algorithms like panda 3.5, page rank and penguin, hummingbird is a new replacement of full engine instead of repairing individual modules. This has affected 90% of data across the globe. Migrating MapReduce algorithm on cloud environment using Hadoop, not only improves performance due to cloud features but also the efficiency is increased with cost minimization. 2. Problem Fig-1: Data center Source: IBM Enterprise System Fig-1 gives a snapshot of engineers working at data centers who manages information from diverse platforms and resources. Managing hardware and Network with virtualized resources needs dedicated young talent. When it comes to end user, he gets an average service as a result of improper management of data centers. MapReduce is one of the best known algorithms used for IR (Information Retrieval) in addition with existing algorithms as explained in section 7. Due to exponential increase in smart devices that supports voice based search, definitely needs fast and efficient searching algorithm for information retrieval. The voice based search assists to make smart decisions in real time applications like place identification, weather forecast and medical assistance using android based applications. 3. Why problem is important Fig-2: Global Internet users Source: W3 Foundation Looking at data increase across the globe as shown in Fig-2 (data collected till July 1, 2014) [19], the pilled content in repositories is increasing worldwide. It requires huge amount of hardware resources running for years to extract information and knowledge for decision making. The big challenge in big data is ever increasing content utilizing human resource and cost to create chunks in available networks across the globe, which needs attention. 4. It is an unsolved problem From the following relevant reviewed literature (table-1), it gives a blueprint that the problem has still remained unsolved. The authors have either focused on cloud components [6] [11] or had used traditional Google Components during the analysis. Since Hummingbird Algorithm [10] is not keyword based the searching criteria have changed. When combined with MapReduce [1] [3] [15] in cloud environment shall definitely yield efficient results with minimum cost and resources. Table-1: Existing Systems compared 5. Here is my idea Fig-3: Proposed Information Retrieval System Being cloud computing [4] [6] is upcoming Technology as discussed in section -7.2, is a good source of virtualized resources that helps to manage content on diverse platform irrespective of geographical boundaries. An instance of Hadoop that supports MapReduce Algorithm (elaborated in sec-7) is migrated in cloud environment using SaaS (Software as a Service) to whom input is diverted for processing. Hummingbird (more in section-7) Algorithm is a brand new search engine designed to understand meaning from acquired query instead of word, is imparted to collect output from MapReduce instance. The collected output on Amazon S3 cluster is efficiently and effectively delivered to end user based on voice based request, in addition to traditional systems for efficient decision making in the field of medicine, scientific research and so on. 6. My idea works To confirm the working of proposed idea, a hosted instance of Hadoop was used that supports MapReduce Algorithm and S3 data cluster from Amazon. It also has Qubole [20] managed database to test the instance in cloud environment. Qubole has an API (Application programming Interface) that gives overview of running instances through dashboard. A user shall give input as a database or can manually select file in addition to query wizard. Once the input is given to MapReduce cluster, data analysis shall be done by using hive query in addition to pig script. Following results were collected by using existing database. Fig-4: Cloud based Hadoop Instance Source: Qubole Figure -4 shows a dashboard running Hadoop instance, in which 2 queries have finished data analysis. It communicates at runtime with Amazon S3 bucket where data is stored for input. The mapper [1][3][15] scans the data files from the source and extends the output to reducer. The reducer further processes data and is sent back to S3 cluster for further processing. This information shall be accessed by end user through web access and with the support of Hummingbird Algorithm. Fig-5: Running Hadoop Cluster Source: Qubole Fig-5 shows a single running Hadoop Instance in cloud environment. Qubole supports metrics of instances running simultaneously that enhances performance their by increasing efficiency. The graph in the above figure indicates time spent to complete single job. Every task is monitored by master DNS having unique ID. To each DNS a list of queries shall be given as input for further analysis. Fig-6 shows process getting started on Hadoop Cluster that combines both map and Reduce session together. The jobs performed uses batch processing system for single instance. Running multiple instances on different clusters in cloud environment makes process more efficient without investing much is physical infrastructure. As a result of which end user shall enjoy the benefits of information retrieval with minimum time, cost and physical resources. As cloud supports pay per use policies resource allocation as per requirements becomes easier. Fig-6: Hadoop Master DNS Source: Qubole Detail explanation about concepts existing algorithms used for information retrieval BFS(Bredth First Search) Redundant BFS. ISN (Intelligent Search Machine) Directed BFS Random walker search Randomized Gossiping Centralized approach Distributed Information retrieval Searching Object identifier Following explanations shall help to elaborate more about specific areas. 7.2 Cloud Architecture Fig-7: Cloud Architecture Source: NIST Cloud is an upcoming technology that supports IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) as shown in Fig-7. For any hosted instance in cloud, open source software is used as a server that supports virtualization and Grid technology. Virtual private network is used in addition to broadband network13] [16]. As a service provider SLA (Service level Agreement) is signed between an organization and service provider. Distributed computing is one of the known components as data transferred across the network requires secure, authentic and efficient service in a given network. The type of cloud includes public, private, community and hybrid cloud [2]. Private clouds are hosted in dedicated environment having firewall and other authentication features. Updating existing system and taking backup remains responsibility of the owner. Hybrid clouds may be hosted in private environment in synchronization with public resources. The end user held responsible for resources used in public cloud with minimum security. 7.3 MapReduce Algorithm Fig-8: MapReduce Algorithm Source: Jimmy Lin, University of Maryland The algorithm takes data input as a file or database in the form of query. A list of mapper instances are activated which travels across the database in search of information. The jobs or data values are shuffled based on keys and aggregated as an input to reducers. These reducers understand the key inputs and reshuffle to get unique relevant information for further processing as shown in Fig-8[1]. 7.4 Hummingbird Algorithm Hummingbird Algorithm [10] [21] is the latest birthday gift from Google. Panda 3.5 and penguin were basically filters applied to searching criteria in the form of web pages and hyperlink. The traditional search engine extracts information based on keywords. Considering a sentence â€Å"How many times does hummingbird flap their wings per second?† the traditional search engine being keyword based tries to extract word like times, flap and per second. Based on collected keywords the web pages are searched in database. The collected content undergoes filtering from panda and penguin. Resultant results are displayed to user in the form of hyperlinks. Being hummingbird is innovation in the field of search and meant for voice based information retrieval, it accepts query as a single sentence instead of keywords. The engine tries to understand meaning and creates knowledge base from provided information or query. Fig-9: Hummingbird Search Source: Google.com In fig-9, the query asked to Google was where am i? Using voice search. The search engine had found my current location based on IP address or physical location and displayed map for the same. 8. Conclusion and future work The paper is continuation to hummingbird Algorithm [21] that supports MapReduce Algorithm with Hummingbird search engine in dedicated cloud environment. Qubole a hosted Hadoop instance is used to confirm working of MapReduce in support with Amazon S3 for data during. A single hive query instance on single DNS is tested which shall be extended for testing multiple instances of hive and pig script simultaneously as future work. References [1] Rahul Prasad Kanu , Shabeera T P , S D Madhu Kumar 2014- Dynamic Cluster Configuration Algorithm in MapReduce Cloud, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3), 2014, 4028-4033. [2] Mr. Kulkarni N. N., Dr. Pawar V. P., Dr. K.K Deshmukh -2014 Evaluation of Information Retrieval in Cloud computing based services, Asian Journal of Management Sciences 02 (03 (Special Issue)) [3] Brian Hellig, Stephen turner, rich collier, long zheng-2014- beyond map educe: the next generation of big data analytics HAMR.Eti.com. [4] Ismail Hmeidi, Maryan Yatim, Ala’ Ibrahim, Mai Abujazouh, 2014 Survey of Cloud Computing Web Services for Healthcare Information Retrieval Systems , International conference on Computing Technology and Information Management, Dubai, UAE. [5] Anil Radhakrishnan and Kiran kalmadi -2013- Big Data Medical engine in the cloud, Infosys Lab Briefing Vol-11, No-1. [6] Dr. Sanjay Mishra, Dr. Arun Tiwari 2013 A Novel Technique for Information Retrieval Based on Cloud Computing, international Journal of information technology. [7] Yu Mon Zaw, Nay Min Tun 2013-Web Services Based Information Retrieval Agent System for Cloud Computing. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research Volume 2– Issue 1, 67-71. [8] Gautam Vemuganti 2013- Metadata Management in Big data, Infosys lab Briefing. [9] Aaditya Prakash 2013-Natured Inspired visualization of unstructured big data, Infosys lab briefing, Vol-11, No-1. [10] Xinxin Fan, Guang Gong,Honggang Hu-2011- Remedying the Hummingbird Cryptographic Algorithm, IEEE. [11] Mosashi Inoue 2009- image retrieval: research and use in the information retrieval, National Institute of Informatics. [12] Jeff Dean Google Fellow 2009- Challenges in Building Large-Scale Information Retrieval Systems. [13] Tsungnan Lin, Pochiang Lin, Hsinping Wang,Chiahung Chen-2009-Dynamic Search Algorithm in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks, IEEE. [14] William Hersh -2008 Future perspectives Ubiquitous but unfinished: grand challenges for information retrieval, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. [15] Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat 2004-MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters, Google.com. [16] Mehran Sahami Vibhu Mittal Shumeet Baluja Henry Rowley 2003-The Happy Searcher: Challenges in Web Information Retrieval, google.com [17] James Allan 2002-Challenges in Information Retrieval and Language Modeling, Report of a Workshop held at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts Amherst [18] Amit Singhal 2001- Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Data Engineering. [19] tp://www.internetlivestats.com [20] https://api.qubole.com [21] Dr. Piyush Gupta, kashinath Chandelkar 2012- The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System, vol-2, issue-12, IJARCSSE journal.